Bryttisce ƿealdendas

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Þis ȝeƿrit hæfþ ƿordcƿide on Nīƿum Englisce.

Þēos is ȝetalu Brytiscra Þēodcyninga, id est, þā anƿealdendas þā hadde rīċe on sume þāra missenliċan cynerīċum þā habbaþ existed on, or incorporated, Brytenīeȝ, namely:

Ƿealdendas

Succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show. The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated.

Ƿealdendas Englalandum Ƿealdendas Scotlandum Nama Reign Notes Nama Reign Notes The Ƿestseaxe The House of Alpin Kenneth I 843–858 Formest cyning ofer Peohtum and Scottum Dufenal I 858–862 Kennethes I brōðor Constantine I 862–877 Kenneth I's sunu Ælfrēd se Grēata 871–899 Recognised as leader of all free Angelcynn under the Treaty of Wedmore, 878 Áed 877–878 Kennethes I sunu Eochaid 878–889 Áed's nephew Jointly with Giric ? Giric 878–889 Áed's first cousin ? Dufenal II 889–900 Constontines I sunu Ēadweard se Ieldra 899–924 Ælfrēdes sunu Constontinus II 900–943 Áedes sunu Ælfweard 924 Ēadweardes sunu, Westseaxna cyning ane Aðelstān 924–939 Ēadweardes sunu, ǣrest de facto cyning ofer eall Englalande. Ēadmund I 939–946 Ēadweardes sunu Mælcolm I 943–954 Dufenal II sunu Ēadred 946–955 Ēadweardes sunu Indulf 954–962 Constontines II sunu Ēadwig 955–959 Ēadmundes sunu Ēadgar 959–975 Ēadmundes sunu Dub 962–966 Mælcolmes I sunu Cuilén 966–971 Indulfes sunu Kenneþ II 971–? Mælcolmes I sunu Ēadweard se Martyr 975–978 Ēadgares sunu Anlaf ?–977 Indulfes sunu Kenneþ II 977–995 2nd reign Æthelrǣd Unræd 978–1013 1014–1016 Ēadgares sunu Constontinus III 995–997 Cuilénes sunu Kenneþ III 997–1005 Dubes sunu Mælcolm II 1005–1034 Kenneþes II sunu Ēadmund Isernside 1016 Æthelrǣdes sunu The Denisc Cyningas Both the Saxon and Danish royal houses claimed the English throne, 1013 to 1016. Denemearc and Englaland had the ilcan cyning fram 1016 to 1042. Swegn Haroldson 1013–1014   Cnut Swegnson 1016–1035 Sweynes sunu Dunecan I 1034–1040 Mælcolmes II suna sunu Harold Harefoot 1035–1040 Cnutes sunu Harðacnut 1040–1042 Canutes sunu Macbeoðen 1040–1057 Kenneth III's granddaughter's husband The Westseaxe Restoration Ēadweard se Andettere 1042–1066 Æthelrǣdes sunu Lulach 1057–1058 Kenneth III's great-grandson, Macbeoðnes step-son and cousin The House of Dunkeld Malcolm III 1058–1093 Duncanes I sunu Harold Godwinson 1066 Ēadweard se Andettere's brother-in-law Ēadgar Æðeling 1066 Grandson of Ēadmund Ironside The Normans After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings (a French tradition never used by the English prior to that date) begins. Willelm se Gehīersumiend 1066–1087 Distant kinsman of Ælfrēd se Grēata Willelm II, Rufus 1087–1100 Willelmes I sunu, descendant of Ælfrēd se Grēata Dufenal III 1093–1094 1094–1097 Dunecanes I sunu Dunecan II 1094 Mælcolmes III sunu Ēadgar 1097–1107 Malcolmes III sunu Heanric I 1100–1135 Willelmes I sunu, descendant of Ælfrēd se Grēata Alexander I 1107–1124 Mælcolmes III son Dauid I 1124–1153 Mælcolmes III sunu Stefne 1135–1154 Willelmes I grandson Mælcolm IV 1153–1165 Davides I grandson The Angeowhūs oþðe Plantagenetas The Royal House name changed to reflect Matilda's marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet. Matilda (Emperice) 1141 Heanrices I's dōhtor, Ēadmund Ironside's great-great-granddaughter Heanric II 1154–1189 Matildas sunu Willelm I 1165–1214 David I's grandson Ricard I Lēoheorte 1189–1199 Heanriges II sunu Monarchs of England and Ireland In 1199, John, already Hlāford Īrlandes, inherited the English throne. The title "Hlāford Īrlandes" was used until it was replaced by "Cyning Īrlandes" in 1542. Iohannes "Landlēas" 1199–1216 Henrices II sunu Alexander II 1214–1249 Wilhelmes I sunu Heanrig III 1216–1272 Iohannes sunu Alexander III 1249–1286 Alexandres II sunu Ēadweard I "Langscancan" 1272–1307 Henrices III sunu Margaret (Norþweges mægð) 1286-1290 Alexander III's granddaughter, never inaugurated The House of Balliol When Margaret died in 1290 there was no clear heir. King Edward I of England adjudged the claims of Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale and John Balliol in Balliol's favour. Iohannes 1292–1296 Dauides I great-great-great-grandson The Brūs Hūs When Iohannes Balliol rebelled, the Wars of Scottish Independence commenced, during which Roðbeart Brūs fang to rīce. Robert I 1306–1329 David I's great-great-great-great-grandson Ēadweard II 1307–1327 Ēadweardes I sunu Ēadweard III 1327–1377 Ēadweardes II sunu Dauid II 1329–1371 Robertes I sunu The House of Balliol For a period of time, both Edward Balliol and David II claimed the throne. Ēadweard Balliol 1332–1336 Iohannes Ballioles sunu The House of Stuart Engaged to the Dauphin at age five, Maria Stuart, Scotta Cwēn was thus brought up in the French court where she became "Marie Stuart, Reine de l'Écosse," etc., to render the sound of 'Stewart' into French as accurately as possible. Mary kept the French spelling on her return to Scotland in 1560. Roðbeart II 1371–1390 Roðbeartes I grandson Ricard II 1377–1399 Ēadweardes III grandson Roðbeart III 1390–1406 Robert II's son The Lonceaster Hūs Heanric Bolingbroke deposed Richard II, and the Royal House name came to reflect Henry's father's title, Heretoga of Lonceastre. Henric IV 1399–1413 Ēadweardes III grandson Iacobus I 1406–1437 Robert III's son Henry V 1413–1422 Henry IV's son Henry VI 1422–1461 1470–1471 Henry V's son Iacobus II 1437–1460 Iacobes I's son Iacobus III 1460–1488 Iacobes II's son The House of York The Houses of Lancaster and York had fought the Wars of the Roses, and the Yorkists took the throne. Ēadwēard IV 1461–1470 1471–1483 Ēadweard III's great-great-grandson Ēadweard V 1483 Ēadweard IV's sunu Richard III 1483–1485 Edward IV's brother The House of Tudor The Lancastrian Henry Tudor reclaimed the throne from the Yorkists. Henry VII 1485–1509 Eadweardes III's great-great-great-grandson Iacobus IV 1488–1513 Iacobes III's son Henry VIII 1509–1547 Henry VII's son, Edward IV's grandson Iacobus V 1513–1542 Iacobes IV sunu Mary I 1542–1567 Iacobes V's daughter Ēadweard VI 1547–1553 Henry VIII's son Iane 1553 Henariges VII great-granddaughter. Not generally noted as officially queen Maria I 1553–1558 Henry VIII's daughter Elisabeþ I 1558–1603 Henry VIII's dōhtor Iacobus I (Englaland) Iacobus VI (Scotland) 1603–1625 Marie I sunu Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland In 1603, Iacobus VI Scotta Cyning inherited the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I in what is known as the Union of the Crowns. From then until 1707, England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared monarchs. The House of Stuart Nama Reign Notes Iacobus I (Englaland) Iacobus VI (Scotland) 1603–1625 Marie Scotta Cwēne sunu; great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England; first to be styled "Grēatre Bryten Cyning" (1604) Carl I 1625–1649 Iacobes VI & I's sunu The Period of Interregnum, (Cynewīse and Protectorate) England had no king from 1649 to 1660, but the constitutional status of the government was never clear. For example, the Long Parliament, up until its dissolution on 20 April 1653, was commonly recognised as a Republic. It, however, styled itself as a Commonwealth. Following the dissolution of the Rump, a Nominated Assembly was formed. Not until Cromwell accepted the Instrument of Government on 15 December 1653 did the constitutional status of the regime change. From then on Oliver Cromwell was styled as Lord Protector, ruling through two Protectorate Parliaments. In 1659, Richard Cromwell abdicated, returning power to Parliament until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Nama Reign Notes Oliver Cromwell 1653–1658   Ricard Cromwell 1658–1659 Oliver Cromwell's son The House of Stuart (restored) Nama Reign Notes Carl II 1660–1685 England 1649-1651 and 1660–1685 Scotland (1649–1685 de jure) Carles I ieldra sunu (crowned at Scone, in Scotland, 1651). He officially dated his reign from his father's death Iacobus II (on Englum) Iacobus VII (on Scottum) 1685–1689 Charles I's younger son Mary II 1689–1694 Iacobes II ieldre dōhtor Joint sovereign with her husband, Willelm III Willelm III (on Englum) Willelm II (on Scottum) 1689–1702 Carles I grandson Jointly with his wife, Maria II Anne 1702–1707 (full reign: 1702–1714) Iacobes II dohtor Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland In 1707, the Act of Union merged the Engla rīce and the Scotta rīce into the Cynerīce Grēatbryttenes. The House of Stuart (continued) Nama Reign Notes Anne 1707–1714 (full reign: 1702–1714) Iacobes II dōhtor The House of Hanover Under the Act of Settlement 1701, the English (thus, the successor British) throne could only be held by a Protestant. Sophia of Hanover, the nearest such relative, thus became statutorily designated as the next heir. She died shortly before Anne, and her place was taken by her son, who thus founded the House of Hanover (aka Guelph and Brunswick). George I 1714–1727 Iacobes I great-grandson George II 1727–1760 George I's son George III 1760–1801 (full reign: 1760–1820) George II's grandson Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland In 1801, the Act of Union combined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom. The House of Hanover (continued) Nama Reign Notes George III 1801–1820 (full reign: 1760–1820) George II's grandson George IV 1820–1830 George III's son Willelm IV 1830–1837 George III's son Uictoria 1837–1901 George III's granddaughter The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha The Royal House name was changed to reflect Victoria's marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but she herself remained a member of the House of Hanover. Ēadweard VII 1901–1910 Victoria's son George V 1910–1917 (full reign: 1910–1936) Edward VII's son The House of Windsor The name of the Royal House changed from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917 due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. George V 1917–1927 (full reign: 1910–1936) Edward VII's son Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland In 1922, the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom. The name of the Kingdom was amended in 1927 to reflect the change. Between 1927 and the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949 George V, Edward VIII, and George VI were also styled "King of Ireland". The House of Windsor (continued) Nama Reign Notes George V 1927–1936 (full reign: 1910–1936) Edward VII's son Ēadweard VIII 1936 George V's son; abdicated George VI 1936–1952 Edward VIII's brother (and George V's son) Elisabeþ II 6 February 1952- George VI's daughter; also queen of 15 other sovereign kingdoms.