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*Category names should usually be in plural, except for when the category is related to one specific thing (for example, the category "tōlas" is plural, but the category "Nīwe Sǣland" is singular)
*Category names should usually be in plural, except for when the category is related to one specific thing (for example, the category "tōlas" is plural, but the category "Nīwe Sǣland" is singular)
*Ordinal numbers should be marked as such with a period after them, for example: "Se 12. mann".
*Ordinal numbers should be marked as such with a period after them, for example: "Se 12. mann".
*Additional information given to specify the meaning of a word in an article's name should be put in brackets, for example: [[Niht (gyden]]. This should also be done for places, for example: [[Weolingtūn (Nīwe Sǣland)]].
*Additional information given to specify the meaning of a word in an article's name should be put in brackets, for example: [[Niht (gyden)]]. This should also be done for places, for example: [[Weolingtūn (Nīwe Sǣland)]].
*Unlike many modern languages, including Modern English, where cardinal numbers can be used as ordinal numbers (for example, "contestant number 5" instead of "the fifth contestant"), cardinals could not be used as ordinals in Old English. As such, cardinals used as ordinals in other languages, should be translated as ordinals in Old English. The exception is when a whole proper noun has been borrowed, and it included an ordinally used cardinal, for example: [[Windows 8]]. Although written as two words, for grammatical purposes this should be regarded as one word, perhaps indeclinable neuter.
*Unlike many modern languages, including Modern English, where cardinal numbers can be used as ordinal numbers (for example, "contestant number 5" instead of "the fifth contestant"), cardinals could not be used as ordinals in Old English. As such, cardinals used as ordinals in other languages, should be translated as ordinals in Old English. The exception is when a whole proper noun has been borrowed, and it included an ordinally used cardinal, for example: [[Windows 8]]. Although written as two words, for grammatical purposes this should be regarded as one word, perhaps indeclinable neuter.



Edniwung fram 19:46, 18 Hreðmonað 2013

For the benefit of those who are new to this Wikipedia, this Help page is written in modern English.

About

See also: Wikipedia:Tutorial on Old English, Wikibooks:Old English, Introduction to Old English by Professor Peter S. Baker of UVA

Old English, otherwise known as Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest and longest stage of the English language, having existed in the original time span of about 400 AD to 1150 AD, when the language began to evolve from its West Germanic Anglo-Frisian roots into Middle English, and then Modern English. The most prominent historic writing in Old English is Bēoƿulf. This language is currently experiencing a small revival in use, for both academic and religious purposes.

Special characters

There are a few special characters you will see on this Wikipedia, ȝ, ƿ, þ, ð, æ, ċ, the macron accent mark ( ¯ ), as well as the Anglo-Saxon runes. In order to see the Runic characters, you will need any font which has Unicode compliance within the "Runic" range. The recommended font to save to your computer is Junicode, as its Runic characters are well-designed and evenly spaced. You will also need to have JavaScript enabled on your web browser to properly view the automatically converted page versions. It is usually enabled by default, but it can be disabled. If you suspect that JavaScript is disabled on your browser, you should see this page for Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari instructions, this page for Google Chrome instructions, and this page for Opera, Internet Explorer, and Firefox instructions.

The macron is used to represent a long vowel to help distinguish between words which would otherwise appear indistinguishable (īs vs is). The acute accent is often used in the same manner, but for consistency the macron should be used.

Typing

(For further and more detailed information, see Help:On Englisce Ƿrītan)

As with anything else, in order to type in Old English, you will need the proper tools to fit the job. Because of automated page conversion, there is no need to type using ȝƿ or runes; and you should not type with runes at all, because it is much more difficult to accurately convert from runes to the Latin alphabet than vise verse. As such, it would be best for you to have a keyboard which could write vowels with macrons, write æ and ǣ, and write þ and ð. Note that all page names will be written using gw, although there may still be a few pages around written in non-gw, which need cleaning up.

  1. A software-based keyboard can be downloaded here. The provided link also includes instructions on how to type the extra characters, installation, and switching between keyboards. Alternatively, you can create your own software-based custom keyboard layout with a program such as Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator. This allows you to organize the extra characters according to what feels natural to you.
  2. An alternative is to use the Icelandic keyboard layout, although this will not cover the full range of characters you will need.
  3. If you use Mac OS X, you can download a pre-made keyboard layout here, and save it to your Hard Drive > Library > Keyboard Layouts folder. Upon a system restart, and enabling your new layout in your System Preferences > International > Input pane, you will now have "Anglo-Saxon" as an option for your system. A map of this specific layout can be seen here. If you wish to write an article in Runes, creating your own layout will be especially helpful.
  4. You can use ALT codes. A table of numeric values for Windows-based systems is provided on Help:On Englisce Ƿrītan, and on Macintosh, the custom Anglo-Saxon layout (which is based on US International) is shown here.
  5. You can create Autocorrect values for typing in Microsoft Word.
  6. In the X Window System, used in free software operating systems such as GNU/Linux and the various BSDs, it is not too hard to customise the keyboard. Specially relevant to customise a keyboard are a Unicode character map such as gucharmap, and editing, as root, the console-setup configuration file at /etc and the Compose file.

Terminology

Using the speech of a thousand years ago to describe modern concepts can be difficult, but it can be done. Authentic words ought to be used where they exist in the extant Englisc texts. Excessive neologisms should be avoided, if genuine Anglo-Saxon vocabulary can be used and applied accurately. Where a word or a concept is needed which does not exist in the original, there are a few steps you can take when writing or editing articles, to conjure the best possible term.

  1. See what other Germanic languages call it. One thing you can do, if the word has a Wikipedia article, visit that article's English version, and look at its translation links on the left-hand side of the page. With the cursor hovering over each link, view the URL preview, and see what others call it. Useful languages to look for are Deutsch, Dansk, Íslenska, Svenska, Nederlands, Frysk, and sometimes even Seeltersk. This can also be done on the "Translations" section of any Wiktionary page.
  2. Translate the etmological root. Sometimes this is a good method, sometimes it is not; you need to use judgement, particularly when blending this potential new term in with the rest of the language. For example, automobile could be rendered as selffērend, but is there a closer authentic concept?
  3. Create a descriptive term. This is useful when a transliteration or translation is not possible, yet there is no consistency across other Germanic languages as to what they call it either. Remember that Germanic languages tend to be more descriptive in their nature, rather than technical. For instance, fȳrþyrel ("fire hole") is used as "engine cylinder" in the steam car article.
  4. If all else fails, resort to a loan word. The general trend of modern Old English usage is a strive for language purity, but Old English of yore sometimes made use of loan words, and even today's Icelandic has had to. For example, it would be quite hard simply to represent "guitar" in Old English speech.

Useful resources relating to modern terminology can be found on the Neologism proposal page as well as the "How do I say_?" page. The first relates directly to tackling the issues mentioned in this section, and the second deals with using the best existing terminology, reapplied to the modern world. You will find both to be very helpful.

Finally, you need to remember that it is of utmost importance that you are understood by other people when they encounter your term for the first time. As such, it is important that all neologisms and also historical words used with new meanings in an article should be documented on the article's talk page, using the wordgetæl template. The list of words should be bulletted and contained within the noc template, to ensure that phonological notation will not be muddled by automated page conversion.

Spelling

While Old English of yore did not have steadfast rules about spelling, a bit more structure is needed here. You should already know how Old English spelling works, but posted below are guidelines specific to this Wikipedia.

  1. þ is in preference used where the th sound is unvoiced, and at the beginning of words. Thus, you will almost always see "þæt" and "pæþ," not "ðæt" or "pæð", though these did exist historically.
  2. ð is typically used for the voiced sound, and is found in the middle of a word, and when coupled with a back vowel. An exception is when th is doubled, in which case þ is used (example, cȳþþu).
  3. k is rarely seen, as it is rarely needed, although it is certainly not forbidden. In general, it should only be used for loan words, words of foreign origin, proper names or titles, or in Old English words to make a clear distinction about pronunciation, where the use of c won't always make its pronunciation obvious.
  4. z is rare as well. Generally, reserve it for non-Englisc words where the z indicates a ts pronunciation, as this was how it was used in Old English. Examples include Nazi and pizza.
  5. ȝ and ƿ are used in many publications, to lend flavor and authenticity, although these are not used universally. You will find pages both with and without these letters. Should you choose to use them, use ȝ for all environments of g that sound like English y, and ƿ for all instances of the w sound, except in proper names or titles (World of Warcraft, Battle for Wesnoth, and so forth), and you should use them together (not choosing one instead of the other).
  6. ċ is used to indicate a voiceless postalveolar affricate (equivalent to Modern English ch) to distinguish it from c pronounced as k, but its use is entirely optional, as it has never been debated or decided upon.

There were natural spelling variants in Old English, which accommodated for the various dialects and pronunciations, as well as spelling conventions of authors. Spelling consistency within an article is more important than choice, particularly concerning the titles of articles, and their links within other articles, as any difference in characters will break the link.

With that said, as long as alternate spellings did exist, then they are considered acceptable, and no choice is more correct than the other. To compensate for altered spelling instances, conventions, and preferences, article redirects can be implemented. For instance, the page cȳse redirects to cīese, demonstrating that both are correct, but the cīese spelling is preferred as the base for the page, because it demonstrates the "true" vowel spelling base for the word, rather than the often ambiguous y.

To create a redirect, make a new page with the alternative/secondary spelling as the title, and insert the following text:

#REDIRECT [[pagetitle]]

where the red text is the original/main article. This new page will now redirect to the original.

Style and format

In order to create a tidy, unified feeling across this Wikipedia, it is necessary to have some standard stylistic and formatting practices.

  • Category names should usually be in plural, except for when the category is related to one specific thing (for example, the category "tōlas" is plural, but the category "Nīwe Sǣland" is singular)
  • Ordinal numbers should be marked as such with a period after them, for example: "Se 12. mann".
  • Additional information given to specify the meaning of a word in an article's name should be put in brackets, for example: Niht (gyden). This should also be done for places, for example: Weolingtūn (Nīwe Sǣland).
  • Unlike many modern languages, including Modern English, where cardinal numbers can be used as ordinal numbers (for example, "contestant number 5" instead of "the fifth contestant"), cardinals could not be used as ordinals in Old English. As such, cardinals used as ordinals in other languages, should be translated as ordinals in Old English. The exception is when a whole proper noun has been borrowed, and it included an ordinally used cardinal, for example: Windows 8. Although written as two words, for grammatical purposes this should be regarded as one word, perhaps indeclinable neuter.