Rīmaȝiefunȝ
Rīmaȝiefunȝ (on Nīƿum Enȝlisce hāteþ algebra) is dǣl rīmcræftes be þǣre cnēorlǣcinȝe þāra laȝa of ƿeorcunȝe and gesibbnessum, and þǣm timbrum and oncnāƿnessum þe arīsaþ from heom, ēac besetednessum, maniȝsetednessum, efenƿeorðfindunȝum, and rīmaȝiefunȝlicum endebyrdnessum. Andefen eorþmetes, arāflunȝe, stōƿlāre, tellinȝalāre, and rīma flītcræftes is rīmaȝiefunȝ ān þāra hēafodlicena dǣla smǣtes rīmcræftes.
Se dǣl rīmaȝiefunȝe ȝehāten ȝrundstaðoliende rīmaȝiefunȝ is oft dǣl þǣre lāre in æfterran lǣrunȝe and inlǣdeþ þā oncnāƿnesse missenrīma þe tācniaþ rīm. Cwidas þā sind ȝestaðolode on þissum missenrīmum sind gestēorede notiende þā laȝa ƿeorcunȝa þā sind ȝehapa rīmum, sƿilce ēacnunȝ. Mann mæȝ dōn þis for missenlicum intinȝum, ēac efenƿeorþfindunȝe. Rīmaȝiefunȝ is swīðe brādre þonne ȝrundstaðoliende rīmaȝiefunȝ and is sēo cnēorlǣcinȝ þǣre ȝelimpeþ sēo nytt missenlica laȝa weorcinge and sēo ȝesettunȝ weorcinȝa tō ōðrum þinȝum būtan rīmum. Ēacnunȝ and manigfealdinȝ cann mann settan on ȝemǣnre endebyrdnesse laȝa and heora fullan, rihtan tōmearcunȝa inlǣdaþ rīmaȝiefunȝlice endebyrdnessa sƿilce þrēatas, hrinȝas and līchāmas, þe sind cnēorlǣhte on þǣm dǣle rīmcræftes þe hāteþ brād rīmaȝiefunȝ.
Innungbred |
[ādihtan] Stǣr
[[Biliþ:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|Tramet fram Al-Khwārizmī's Sēo Sceortlice Bōc be Rīmƿeorcinȝe þurh Fulfillinȝe and Efensettunȝe
Þā þā Plato cōm, Crēcisc rīmcræft hæfde ȝefēred micele andƿendunȝe. Þā Crēcas sciepedon eorþmetlice rīmaȝiefunȝe on þǣre þe besetednessa ƿǣron tācnod fram sīdum eorþmetlicra þinȝa, oftost līna, þā hæfdon stafan ȝeþēote ƿiþ hīe.[1] Diophantus (þe lifode on þǣm 3. hundȝēare æfter Crīste), þe hƿīlum is ȝehāten "se fæder rīmaȝiefunȝe", ƿæs Alexandrianisc rīmcræftmann and se ƿrītere endebyrdnesse bōca þā hātaþ Rīmcræft. Þās ȝeƿritu standaþ be þǣre arāflinȝe rīmaȝiefunȝlicra efenƿeorþfindunȝa.
Rīmaȝiefunȝe staðol biþ ȝefunden on ȝamolum Indiscum rīmcræfte, þe Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (lifode fram þǣm 780. ȝēare oþ þæt 850. ȝēar) hefiȝe onfēnȝ on mōde. Hē leornode Indiscne rīmcræft and inlēd hīe in þā Allahdōmiscan dǣlas þǣre ƿorulde þurh his ƿīdcūð rīmcræftlic ȝeƿrit, Bōc be Ēacnunȝe and Animunȝe æfter þǣre Ƿīsan þāra Indiscena.[2][3] Hē lator awrāt Sēo Sceortlice Bōc be Rīmweorcinge þurh Fulfillinge and Efensettung, þe gesette rīmaȝiefunȝe tō rīmlāriscum cræfe se is ānstandende fram eorþmete and grundrīmcræfte.[4]
Þā staðolas rīmaȝiefunȝe cunnon wesan gefunden on þǣm gamolum Babyloniscum ,[5] þā forðodon forðode rīmmetende endebyrdnesse þurh þā þe hīe cūðdon dōn rīmweorcunga in rīmendebyrdnessiscre wīsan. Þā Babyloniscan forðodon endebyrdnessa tō weorcienne arāflunga cnottena þe sindgewunelīce arāfled tōdæg be þǣre nytte līnlicra efenweorþfindunga, fēowerscētra efenweorþfindunga, and unrīmra līnlicra efenweorþfindunga. Tō ungelīcnesse, þæt mǣste dǣl Egyptiscena þisre tīde, and Crēciscena and Cīniscena rīmlārmanna in þǣm 1 þūsendgēare fōre Crīste, gewunelīce arāflede swelca efenweorþfindunga þurh eorþmetlica endebyrdnesse, swelce þās amearcod in þǣm Rhind Rīmlāriscan Papyrus, Euclides Gesceaft, and Þā Nigone Hēafodwearda on þǣm Rīmcræfte. Þæt eorþmetlice weorc þāra Crēciscena, ēowod in þǣre bēc Gesceaft, macode þæt grundweorc for þǣre gewuneliclǣcunge endebyrdnessa begeondan þā arāflunge sumra cnottena on maniga gewunelica endebyrdnessa secgunge and arāflunge efenweorþfindunga, þēah þe þis ne scolde wesan gecūþ oþ þā midealdan Alladōmiscan rīmcræftmenn.
Þā Crēciscan rīmcræftmenn Hero Alexandrie and Diophantus [6] and Indisce rīmcræftmenn, swelce Brahmagupta, hēoldon þā þēawas Ægyptes and Babylōnie, þēah þe Diophantus Arithmetica and Brahmaguptan Brahmasphutasiddhanta standaþ on hīeran efenette.[7] Tō bȳsne, sēo forme fulle rīmcræftisce arāfling (befōne nāwihtrīm and underran arāflunga) fēowerscētra efenweorþfindunga wæs amearcod fram Brahmaguptan in his bēc Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Þǣræfter, Arabisce and Muslime rīmcræftmenn forðodon rīmaȝiefunȝisca endebyrdnessa on swīðe hīeran strengðe manigfealdnesse. Þēah Diophantus and þā Babylōniscan brucon oftost ānlica endebyrdnessa tō arāflenne efenweorþlǣcinga, Al-Khwarizmi wæs se forma þe arāflede efenweorþlǣcinga þā hwīle þe hē brēac brāda endebyrdnessa. Hē arāflede þā līnlican unfæstlican efenweorþlǣcinga, fēowerscēta efenweorþlǣcinga, unfæstlica efenweorþlǣcinga þǣre ōðerre endebyrdnesse and efenweorþlǣcinga mid manigfealdum unfæstrīmum.
[ādihtan] Ǣrendgewritunclu
- ↑ Fram "Europe in the Middle Ages" on þǣm 258 tramente: "On þǣm rīmcræftlicum sōþfōresetednessum in Euclides Hēafodȝesceaft fram VII oþ IX, rīm sind tācnod fram līndǣlum on þǣm þe stafan sind gesette, and þā eorþmetlican bēhþa in al-Khwarizmies bēc Rīmaȝiefunȝ notode stæfbǣra ȝefēȝednessa; ac ealle efenƿyrcendas in þǣm efenƿeorþfindunȝum þā sind gebrocena in þǣre bēc Rīmaȝiefunȝ sind amearcod rīm, ǣghwæðer þe hīe sīen tācnode fram rīmstafum oþþe sīen ȝeƿritene on ƿordum. Sēo oncnāƿness brādnesse is abēacnod in al-Khwarizmies amearcunȝe, ac hē næfde nāne ƿīsan tō tācnienne rīmaȝiefunȝlīce þā ȝeƿunelican fōresetednessa þe sind sƿā ȝearƿa in eorþmete."
- ↑ http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/4107/print
- ↑ A History of Mathematics: An Introduction (on ōðerre ūtsendnesse) (sōftbōc) fram Victor J katz Addison Wesley; on ōðerre ūtsendnesse (on þǣm 6 dæge Hrēðmōnaðes þæs 1998 gēares)
- ↑ Bysen:Citation
- ↑ Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications.
- ↑ Diophantus, Father of Algebra
- ↑ History of Algebra
[ādihtan] Fruman
- Donald R. Hill, Islamic Science and Engineering (Edinburgh University Press, 1994).
- Ziauddin Sardar, Jerry Ravetz, and Borin Van Loon, Introducing Mathematics (Totem Books, 1999).
- George Gheverghese Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Penguin Books, 2000).
- John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (University of St Andrews, 2005).
- I.N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra. ISBN 0-471-02371-X
- R.B.J.T. Allenby: Rings, Fields and Groups. ISBN 0-340-54440-6
- L. Euler: Elements of Algebra, ISBN 978-1-899618-73-6
- Isaac Asimov Realm of Algebra (Houghton Mifflin), 1961
[ādihtan] Ūwearde hlencan
- 4000 Years of Algebra, tǣcing fram Robin Wilson, æt Gresham College on þǣm 17 dæge Winterfylleðes þæs 2007 gēares (gēare for MP3 and MP4 onbehlæsting, and gewrit).
